Ceramics

1 Overview and Basic Properties.- 1.1 General Behaviour.- 1.2 Overview of Ceramic Materials.- 1.3 Fields of Application.- 2 Physical Properties.- 2.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficient.- 2.2 Thermal Conductivity.- 2.3 Electrical Conductivity.- 2.4 Specific Heat.- 2.5 Density.- 2.6 Elastic Constants.- 3 Fracture Mechanics.- 3.1 Fundamentals.- 3.1.1 Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics.- 3.1.2 Rising Crack Growth Resistance.- 3.2 Experimental Methods for the Determination of the Mode-I Fracture Toughness KIc.- 3.2.1 The Edge-Cracked Bending Bar.- 3.2.2 Specimens with Chevron Notches.- 3.2.3 Specimen with Knoop Indentation Crack.- 3.2.4 Vickers Indentation Cracks.- 3.2.5 Comparison of Different Specimen Types.- 3.3 Experimental Methods for the Determination of Mode-II and Mixed-Mode Fracture Toughness.- 3.3.1 Bending Test with Bars Containing Oblique Notches.- 3.3.2 Three-Point Bending Test with an Eccentric Notch.- 3.3.3 The Asymmetric Four-Point Bending Test.- 3.3.4 Diametral Compression Test.- 3.3.5 Surface Haws in Mixed-Mode Loading.- 3.4 Mixed-Mode Criteria and Experimental Results.- 4 R-Curve Behaviour.- 4.1 Experimental Observation.- 4.1.1 Results for Different Materials.- 4.1.2 Effect of Geometry and Loading Conditions.- 4.1.3 Work-of-Fracture.- 4.1.4 Comparison of Macro- and Microcracks.- 4.2 Determination of R-Curves.- 4.2.1 Specimens with Macrocracks.- 4.2.2 Specimens with Vickers Indentations.- 4.3 Reasons for R-Curve Behaviour.- 4.4 Influence of R-Curves on Strength.- 4.5 Computation of R-Curves.- 4.5.1 Fracture Mechanical Treatment of Bridging Stresses.- 4.5.2 Phase-Transformation Zone and Shielding Stress Intensity Factor.- 4.6 Determination of Bridging Stresses from Crack Profiles.- 5 Subcritical Crack Growth.- 5.1 Basic Relations.- 5.2 Computation of Lifetimes.- 5.2.1 Lifetimes Under Arbitrary Loading History.- 5.2.2 Lifetimes Under Static Load.- 5.2.3 Lifetimes Under Cyclic Load.- 5.3 Methods of Determining Subcritical Crack Growth.- 5.3.1 Double-Torsion Test.- 5.3.2 The Double-Cantilever-Beam Specimen.- 5.3.3 Crack Growth Data from Dynamic Bending Tests.- 5.3.4 Crack Growth Data from Static Bending Tests.- 5.3.5 Lifetime Prediction.- 5.4 Influence of R-Curve Behaviour on Subcritical Crack Growth.- 5.4.1 General Influence.- 5.4.2 Tests with Macroscopic Cracks.- 5.4.3 R-Curves for Subcritical Crack Extension.- 5.4.4 Lifetimes for Natural Cracks.- 5.5 Some Theoretical Considerations on Subcritical Crack Growth.- 6 Cyclic Fatigue.- 6.1 Representation of Cyclic Fatigue Results.- 6.2 Proof of a Cyclic Effect.- 6.3 Methods for the Determination of da/dN-?K Curves.- 6.4 Effect of R-Ratio.- 6.5 Theoretical Considerations.- 6.5.1 Effect of Crack Surface Interactions.- 6.5.2 Effect of Glass Phase Content.- 6.5.3 Effect of Phase Transformation Zones.- 6.6 Differences Between Micro- and Macrocracks.- 7 Determination of Strength.- 7.1 Measurement of Tensile Strength.- 7.1.1 The Tensile Test.- 7.1.2 The Bending Test.- 7.1.3 Test of Pipe Sections.- 7.2 Measurement of Compressive Strength.- 7.2.1 Compression Tests with Cylindrical Specimens.- 7.2.2 Compression Test on Hollow Cylinders.- 7.2.3 Results of Compression Tests.- 8 Scatter of Mechanical Properties.- 8.1 Principal Behaviour.- 8.2 Determination of Weibull Parameters.- 8.3 The Size Effect.- 8.4 Scatter of Lifetimes.- 8.5 Some Specific Problems.- 8.5.1 Three-Parameter Weibull Distribution.- 8.5.2 Multiple Flaw Population.- 8.5.3 Influence of the R-Curve.- 9 Proof Test Procedure.- 9.1 Proof Test Without Subcritical Crack Growth.- 9.2 Proof Test Including Subcritical Crack Growth.- 9.3 Problems in Proof Tests.- 9.3.1 Subcritical Crack Growth During the Proof Test.- 9.3.2 Different Flaw Population at High Temperatures.- 9.3.3 Simulation of the Service Conditions.- 10 Multiaxial Failure Criteria.- 10.1 Representation in Multiaxiality Diagrams.- 10.2 Global Multiaxiality Criteria.- 10.3 Defect Models.- 10.3.1 Cylindrical Pore.- 10.3.2 Spherical Pore.- 10.3.3 Ellipsoidal Pore.- 10.3.4 Circular Cracks.- 10.3.5 Conclusions from Defect Models.- 10.3.6 Statistical Treatment.- 10.3.7 Lifetime.- 10.4 Experimental Methods.- 10.4.1 The Ring-on-Ring Test.- 10.4.2 Ball-on-Ring Test.- 10.4.3 Brazilian-Disk Test.- 10.4.4 Tests with Tubes.- 10.4.5 Triaxial Stress States.- 10.5 Experimental Results.- 11 Thermal Shock Behaviour.- 11.1 Thermal Stresses.- 11.2 Measurement of Thermal Shock Sensitivity.- 11.3 Fracture Mechanical Treatment of Thermal Shock.- 11.4 Thermal Shock Parameters.- 11.5 Size Effect in Thermal Shock.- 11.6 Thermal Fatigue.- 12 High-Temperature Behaviour.- 12.1 Creep Deformation.- 12.1.1 Creep Relations for Tensile Tests.- 12.1.2 Differences in Tensile and Compression Creep.- 12.1.3 Creep Under Variable Stresses.- 12.1.4 Creep Under Bending Load.- 12.2 Failure in the Creep Range.- 12.2.1 Creep Fracture.- 12.2.2 Failure Maps.- 12.3 Creep Crack Growth.- 12.3.1 The C* Integral.- 12.3.2 Experimental Determination of C*.- 13 Plasticity.- 13.1 Plasticity During Contact Loading.- 13.2 Plasticity During Surface Grinding.- 13.3 Plasticity by Phase Transformation in Zirconia.- 13.4 Plasticity by Domain Switching in Piezoelectric Ceramics.- 13.5 Measurement of Plastic Deformations in Bending Tests.- 13.6 Time-Dependent Plasticity Effects.- A.1 Rectangular Bar.- A.2 Comact-Tension (CT) Specimen.- A.3 Round Compact Tension (RCT) Specimen.- A.4 Double-Cantilever-Beam Specimen (DCB).- A.5 Weight Function for Chevron-Notched Bending Bars.- A.6 Specimens for Mixed-Mode Tests.