Femtosecond Technology

I Introduction.- I-1 Femtosecond Technology and Its Industrial Impact.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fundamental Nature of Femtosecond Optics.- 3. Device and Material Research Frontiers.- 4. Ultrafast System Goals.- 5. Summary and Future Tasks.- References.- II Optoelectronics Technology Roadmap and Industry.- II-1 Technology Roadmap for the Japanese Opto-Electronics Industry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Roadmap for Optical Communication Technology.- 3. Future Prospects for Optoelectronics Technology in Japan.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- Acknowledgment.- References.- II-2 Technology Roadmap for Optical Communication - A North American Perspective.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Socioeconomic Driving Forces.- 3. Anticipated Consumer Needs - Bandwidth Requirements.- 4. Core Network.- 5. Access Networks.- 6. LANs and Campus Networks.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- II-3 Structural Change in Industry and Reorganization of R&D Systems in Network-Oriented Societies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. From Vertical to Horizontal.- 3. Outsourcing of Industrial R&D Activities.- 4. From Linear Model to “Konoyubi-Tomar?” Model.- 5. From Proprietary to Licensing.- 6. Hopes for the Renaissance of Universities.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References and Notes.- III Ultrafast Optoelectronics for Telecommunications.- III-1 Femtosecond Semiconductor-Based Optoelectonic Devices for Optical Communications and Signal-Processing Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Semiconductor-Based Femtosecond Devices.- 3. Femtosecond Light Sources.- 4. Femtosecond All-Optical Switches.- 5. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- III-2 Generation, Control and Processing of Ultrafast Optical Signals by Electrooptic Modulation/Deflection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Generation of Wide Optical Spectra by Using Electrooptic Modulation.- 3. Generation of Ultrashort Optical Pulses by Electrooptic Modulation/Deflection.- 4. Overview of the Future.- References.- III-3 Subharmonic Mode-Locking of Semiconductor Lasers Operating at Millimetre-Wave Frequencies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Devices.- 3. Subharmonic Hybrid Mode-Locking.- 4. Subharmonic Synchronous Mode-locking.- 5. Comparison between S??L and SSML.- 6. Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- III-4 All-Optical Access Node Technologies.- 1. Introduction and Motivation for Ultrafast Systems.- 2. Soliton Ring Network Architecture & Protocols.- 3. Integration of Components for Access Node.- 4. Q-Parameter Measurements of System Performance.- 5. Summary.- References.- III-5 Ultrafast All-Optical Switch Using Low-Temperature-Grown InGaAs/InAlAs Multiple-Quantum Wells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nonlinear Properties of Multi-Quantum Well Structures.- 3. Operation Principle of a Surface-Reflection All-Optical Switch.- 4. Improvement in Switching Speed.- 5. Improvement in Optical Nonlinearity.- 6. Application to Optical Communication Systems.- 7. Future Works.- References.- III-6 High Bandwidth Photodetectors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vertically Illuminated Long-Wavelength p-i-n Photodetectors.- 3. Traveling-Wave Photodetector.- 4. Silicon Hetero-Interface Avalanche Photodetector.- 5. Summary.- Acknowledgment.- References.- III-7 Coherent Tunable THz Oscillation by Nonlinear Optics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calculation of Gain.- 3. Unidirectional THz-Wave Coupling.- 4. Experiments.- 5. Measurement.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- III-8 Multi-Gap Photoconductive Switches Fabricated by a Scanning Probe Microscope.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fabrication Process.- 3. Electrooptic Vector Sampling.- 4. Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- IV Semiconductor Quantum Structures for Femtosecond Devices.- IV-1 High Speed Quantum Dot Lasers: Phonon Bottleneck Issue in Quantum Dot Lasers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Lifetime of Confined LO Phonons.- 3. Phonon Bottleneck Issue.- 4. Conclusion and Discussions.- References.- IV-2 Ultrafast Coherent Dynamics of Radiatively Coupled Excitons in Multiple Quantum Wells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Model.- 3. Experimental Techniques and Samples.- 4. Results and Discussions.- 5. Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- IV-3 Femtosecond Studies of Semiconductor Microcavities and VCSELs..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Concepts.- 3. Femtosecond Studies of VCSELs and Microcavities.- 4. Summary.- References.- IV-4 Quantum Dots and the Expected Role in Femtosecond Devices.- 1. Introduction.- 2. State-of-the-Art of Quantum Dots and Quantum Dot Lasers.- 3. Modulation Response of Quantum Dot Lasers.- 4. Quantum Dots as a Non-Linear Medium.- 5. Summary and Discussions.- References.- IV-5 Ultrafast Interband-Resonant Light Modulation by Intersubband-Resonant Light in Quantum Wells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modulation Utilizing n-Doped Quantum Wells.- 3. Shortening of the ISB-T Wavelength and the ISB Energy Relaxation Time.- 4. Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- IV-6 Fabrication Technology of Semiconductor Nanometer Structures Towards Femtosecond Optoelectronics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. UHV Multichamber Process-System.- 3. In Situ EB Lithography.- 4. The Combination of In Situ EB Lithography and Self-Organized Epitaxy.- 5. Site-Control of Quantum Dots by In Situ EB Lithography.- 6. Summary.- References.- V Femtosecond Lasers and Measurement Applications.- V-1 Intense Sub-10-fs Laser Pulses: Pushing the Frontiers of Nonlinear Optics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Femtosecond Laser System.- 3. Applications.- 4. Conclusions and Outlook.- Acknowledgment.- References.- V-2 Low-Threshold All-Solid-State Femtosecond Lasers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors Affecting the Pump-Power Requirements of Mode-Locked Lasers.- 3. Laser Cavity Designs for Low-Threshold Operation.- 4. Low-Threshold Self-Mode-Locked Cr3+:LiSAF Lasers.- 5. Low-Threshold Femtosecond Cr:LiSAF Laser.- Based on a Semiconductor Saturable-Absorber Mirror (SESAM).- 6. Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- V-3 All-Solid-State Cr:LiSAF Femtosecond Lasers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transform-Limited 30-fs Pulse.- Generation from an All-Solid-state Cr:LiSAF Laser.- 3. Compact All-Solid-State Cr:LiSAF Femtosecond Laser.- 4. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- V-4 Femtosecond Pulse Generation around 1.3µm Employing Semiconductor saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Designs and Performance of SESAM in the 1.3µm Region.- 3. KLM and SESAM ML in the Femtosecond Regime.- 4. Broadband SESAM for Extremely Short 1.3µm Pulse Generation.- 5. Summary.- References.- V-5 Ultrashort Pulse Application to Dimensional Measurements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Simultaneous 3-D Shape Measurement.- 3. In Situ Measurements of Optical Parts Using Femtosecond Two-Color Interferometer.- 4. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- V-6 Femtosecond X-Ray Pulse Generation by Using a Low Emittance Electron Beam and a High Brightness Laser for Measurement Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evaluation of LSS Femtosecond X-ray Source.- 3. Component Technologies.- 4. Laser Oscillator Stabilization.- 5. RF Photoinjector.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- V-7 Femtosecond Quantum Beam Science and New Pump-and-Probe Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Twin Electron Linac System with Laser Photocathode RF Gun.- 3. Femtosecond Electron Pulse Measurement.- 4. Synchronization of Femtosecond Electron Linac and Laser and Applications.- 5. Synchronized Femtosecond Quantum Beam Based Pump-and-Probe Analysis.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- VI Materials for Femtosecond Applications.- VI-1 Ultrafast Functional Materials for Femtosecond Optoelectronics.- 1. Objectives.- 2. II-VI Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor MQW Structures.- 3. Femtosecond Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope.- 4. Coherence, Propagation, and Related Fundamentals.- 5. New Materials and Structures.- 6. Summary.- Acknowledgment.- References.- VI-2 Ultrafast Relaxations in One-Dimensional Systems; ?-Conjugated Polymers, J-Aggregates, and Metal-Halogen Chain Complexes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Responses in Polydiacetylenes.- 3. Dependence of Ultrafast Excitonic Nonlinear Responces in Conjugated Polymers on the Excitonic Transition Energy.- 4. Femtosecond Resonance Raman Gain Spectroscopy of Polydiacetylenes.- 5. Optical Stark Shifts of Raman Gain Spectrum in Polydiacetylene.- 6. Dynamics of Confined Soliton Pair in Phenylpolyacetylene Derivatives.- 7. Ultrafast Nonlinear Response in J-Aggregates.- 8. Femtosecond Spectroscopy of Halogen-Bridged Mixed-Valence Complexes.- Acknowledgement.- References.- VI-3 Femtosecond Dynamics of Supramolecular Structures in Condensed Phase.- 1. Molecular J-Aggregates.- 2. Experimental.- 3. Exciton Delocalization Length.- 4. Exciton Annihilation.- 5. Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- VI-4 Femtosecond Molecular Photonics Materials.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Ultrafast Color Changes in 4,4’-Bipyridi?ium Salts.- 4. Ultrafast Absorption Changes in the Near Infrared Region.- 5. Applications of Ultrafast Absorption Changes to Optical Processing.- 6. Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Responses.- 7. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.- VI-5 Ultrafast Dynamics of Photochromic Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dynamic Detection of the Photochromic Reactions.- 3. Future Prospects.- References.- VI-6. Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Glass Materials Containing Metal Nanoparticles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles.- 3. Femtosecond Pump and Probe Experiments of Gold Nanoparticles.- 4. Relaxation Processes of Non-Equilibrium Electrons in Gold Nanoparticles.- 5. Conclusion.- Acknowledgment.- References.